UTAJIRI WA MASANJA KUFURU

UTAJIRI wa komediani maarufu Bongo,  Emmanuel Mgaya ‘Masanja Mkandamizaji’ ni kufuru! Tena unatisha na sasa anaonekana kuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wanaomiliki fedha na mali nyingi Bongo, Risasi Mchanganyiko linakupa zaidi.

Emmanuel Mgaya ‘Masanja Mkandamizaji’ akiwa mbele ya usafiri na mjengo wake.

HABARI MEZANI
Awali, habari kuhusu utajiri wa Masanja ilitua mezani mwa gazeti hili kama kidokezo, hapo mwandishi wetu akaingia mzigoni na kuanza kuchunguza kwa kina mali anazomiliki msanii huyo na kugundua kuwa ni kati ya mastaa mabilionea Bongo.
“Masanja sio yule tena. Ana mpunga (fedha) mrefu sana. Hakuna msanii wa maigizo Bongo anayeweza kumfikia kwa sasa. Hao wengine ni mbwembwe tu, lakini pesa imelala kwa Masanja,” kilipasha chanzo chetu.
Kikaongeza: “Kwanza ana ghorofa lipo Tabata, hapo ndipo anapoishi. Pia ana magari kibao ya kifahari, mashamba ya mpunga na Kampuni ya OK Security inayolinda sehemu mbalimbali zikiwemo taasisi nyeti nchini.

Emmanuel Mgaya ‘Masanja Mkandamizaji’ akiwa kwenye pozi na miongoni mwa magari yake.

“Ni msanii gani mwenye kampuni kubwa kama ya Masanja? Wengi wanaishia kudai wanatayarisha filamu ambazo hata matunda yake hayaonekani.”
RISASI MZIGONI
Mdogomdogo, Risasi Mchanganyiko likajitupa mtaani kuchimba kuhusu madai hayo ambayo awali liliyatilia shaka kama si wasiwasi.
Uchunguzi wetu ulibaini ukweli wa mali za msanii huyo na mambo mengine mengi yanayoingia kama vyanzo vya mapato yake.
MAGARI SITA
Ilibainika kuwa, Masanja anamiliki magari sita, yakiwemo ya kifahari. Baadhi ya magari hayo ni Toyota Land Cruiser V8, Nissan Hardboad na Toyota Verossa.

NYUMBA TATU BONGO
Pia, mkali huyo wa kuvunja mbavu, anamiliki nyumba tatu za maana jijini Dar es Salaam, moja ni ghorofa ipo Tabata, nyingine Kigamboni na nyingine haifahamiki eneo rasmi ilipo.
Hata hivyo, imebainika kuwa mbali na mijengo yake hiyo iliyopo jijini Dar, nyumbani kwao Mbarali, Mbeya ana mjengo wa maana.

MASHAMBA KIBAO
Msanii huyo hayupo nyuma kwenye kilimo, ana mashamba kadhaa Kigamboni jijini Dar es Salaam lakini linalotia fora ni lile lililopo Mbarali lenye ukubwa wa hekari 50 ambalo analima mpunga.

NI MSANII WAMAIGIZO TAJIRI ZAIDI?
Kwa utajiri huo, ipo minong’ono kuwa, nyota huyo anaweza kuwa kwenye namba za juu za wasanii wa maigizo wenye mkwanja mrefu.
Wengine wanaotajwa kwenye orodha ya waigizaji matajiri Bongo ni Husna Posh ‘Dotnata’, Mahsein Awadh ‘Dk. Cheni’ na Amri Athumani ‘Mzee Majuto’.
MATAJIRI BONGO FLEVA
Katika muziki wa Bongo Fleva, wasanii wanaoaminika wana utajiri mkubwa zaidi ni Judith Wambura ‘Lady Jaydee’, Nasibu Abdul ‘Diamond’ na Joseph Haule ‘Profesa Jay’.
Wasanii hao wanamiliki mijengo ya maana, achilia mbali magari ya kifahari na miradi kadhaa.

MASWALI KUHUSU MASANJA
Utajiri wa Masanja umeonekana kuibuka ghafla huku vyanzo vyake vya kumwingizia kipato vikijulikana ni sanaa ya uigizaji, muziki na huduma ya uchungaji.
Je, kwa uigizaji tu katika Kundi la Orijino Komedi ‘OK’ ndiko alikopata mkwanja huo na kuanzisha miradi hiyo mikubwa?
Kama ndiyo, kwa nini memba wenzake ndani ya kundi hilo hawana maendeleo makubwa kama yeye?
Kazi nyingine ya Masanja ni muziki wa Injili ambapo kwa sasa albamu yake ya Hakuna Jipya iko sokoni. Je, albamu hiyo na shoo anazofanya zinaweza kuwa chanzo cha utajiri huo?
Lakini pia Masanja ni mchungaji ambaye anahudumu katika Kanisa la Evangelist Assemblies of God Tanzania (EAGT) ‘Mito ya Baraka’ lilicho chini ya Askofu Bruno Mwakiborwa. Je, mshahara anaoupata kutokana na huduma hiyo unaweza kuwa chanzo cha mapato yake?
Risasi Mchanganyiko halikutaka kupasua kichwa, juzi lilimsaka Masanja kwa simu na kumhoji juu ya mali zake ambapo kwanza alithibitisha kweli anamiliki mali hizo na nyingine ambazo hakupenda kuzitaja.
“Ni kweli nina nyumba tatu hapa mjini, kampuni ya ulinzi na mashamba ya mpunga eka 50 nyumbani Mbarali, Mbeya. Kuhusu magari pia ni kweli kabisa. Mimi ni mtumishi sitakiwi kusema uongo,” alisema Masanja.
RISASI: Lakini mbona utajiri wako umekuwa wa haraka sana mtumishi, vipi vyanzo vya mapato yako?
MASANJA: Orijino Komedi ndiyo chanzo cha vyote... pale ndipo kwenye koki.
RISASI: Kuchekesha tu kaka? Au kwenye muziki wa Injili pia kunalipa?
MASANJA: Injili na uchungaji ninaotumika kanisani ni huduma kaka, sitegemei mapato kutoka huko. Nipo kwa ajili ya kulisha kondoo wa Bwana.
RISASI: Wasanii wenzako wa Orijino Komedi wanachukuaje mafanikio yako?
MASANJA: Wanafurahia, wananiunga mkono maana ni sehemu ya mafanikio yao pia. Sisi tunaishi kama ndugu. Kwa hiyo kuna baadhi ya aidia ni zao, hivyo wanajivunia sana mafanikio yangu.
Tuituitui! Simu ikakatika!

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VIDEO:KUSHUKA KWA MAADILI

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MADAWA YA KULEVYA YAKAMATWA GEREZA LA KEKO

PIPI 60 za madawa ya kulevya aina ya heroine yanayokadiriwa kuwa na thamani ya shilingi milioni 60 yanadaiwa kukamatwa ndani ya Gereza la Keko jijni Dar es Salaam baada ya mtu mmoja kuingia nayo akiwa ameyameza.

Madawa ya kulevya.

Kwa mujibu wa chanzo, mtu mmoja aliyetambuliwa kwa jina la Mashujaa Udugu Matata, aliingia gerezani humo Machi 21, mwaka huu akitokea kusomewa shitaka la kukutwa na madawa ya kulevya katika Mahakama ya Kisutu jijini Dar es Salaam.
Inadaiwa Matata alikamatwa na polisi katika Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere, Machi 17, mwaka huu, saa 8.25 usiku akitokea nchini Brazil.
Baada ya kukamatwa alitoa pipi 102 za madawa hayo. Alipofikishwa gerezani hapo, inasemekana mtuhumiwa huyo hakuwa na hali nzuri kiafya, jambo lililofanya awekwe chumba cha mahabusu wagonjwa ili aweze kufuatiliwa kwa karibu na madaktari.

Mashujaa Udugu Matata aliyekuwa na madawa ya kulevya.

“Kesho yake asubuhi kuna mfungwa alikwenda kufanya usafi katika chumba hicho, wakati anachukua takataka, akaitwa na Matata na kumuomba achukue mzigo uliofungwa kwenye karatasi ambao ulikuwa unanuka kinyesi, akamweleza ampelekee mahabusu mwenzake anayeitwa Abbas Gede,” kilisema chanzo chetu.
Inasemekana Gede ni rafiki wa Matata ambaye naye ana kesi ya ‘unga’ na kwamba awali waliwahi kuishi pamoja Brazil.
Kutokana na sheria kutoruhusu mfungwa kuonana na mahabusu, alilazimika kumpatia mahabusu mwingine ili aufikishe mzigo huo, lakini badala ya kuufikisha, mahabusu huyo aliambiwa na rafiki zake kuwa unga huo ni wa mamilioni ya shilingi, hivyo asubiri awape ndugu zake wakija kumpelekea chakula.

Kamishina Mkuu wa Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania, John Minja.

Hata hivyo, akiwa katika harakati za kutaka kuwapa ndugu zake, askari wa magereza walimkamata na alipoulizwa alikoyatoa, alimtaja Matata na hivyo kufanikisha kukamatwa kwa wote waliohusika na mzigo huo.
Mkuu wa gereza hilo, Sena Shida amethibitisha kutokea kwa tukio hilo na kusema kuwa watu wote waliohusika wataadhibiwa. “Kwa upande wake, Matata ataadhibiwa mara atakapopata nafuu kulingana na sheria ya mwaka 1967, huo unga tumeuchoma moto,” alisema Shida.
Naye Kamanda wa Kikosi cha Kupambana na Kudhibiti Madawa ya Kulevya Tanzania, SACP Godfrey Nzowa alipoulizwa alikiri kukamatwa kwa Matata na kwamba alitoa pipi 102.

Kamanda wa Kikosi cha Kupambana na Kudhibiti Madawa ya Kulevya Tanzania, SACP Godfrey Nzowa.

Awali walijua kuwa zimeisha hata hivyo, Nzowa alisema alimwagiza mkuu huyo kuyapeleka madawa hayo ofisini kwake, akashangaa kusikia yalichomwa. Aidha, alisema aliwasiliana na mkuu huyo wa gareza ambaye alikiri kutokea kwa tukio hilo ingawa hakuweza kutoa ripoti kituo cha polisi kama ilivyo taratibu.
Taarifa zilizopatikana ndani ya jeshi la polisi zinadai kuwa, Matata aliwahi kukamatwa mwala 2007 kwa tuhuma ya kusafirisha madawa ya kulevya na kufikishwa mahakamani na alikuwa chini ya uangalizi wa jeshi hilo na wakati huo alikuwa hajabadili jina, aliitwa Abdallah Mauri Kaikai.
Kamishina Mkuu wa Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania, John Minja aliwahi kuufumua uongozi wa Gereza la Keko kutokana na tuhuma za kuwepo biashara ya madawa ya kulevya ndani ya gereza hilo.

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LULU KAIBA BWANA WA MTU

Habari zinaeleza bifu lao limefikia hatua ya kuanikana waziwazi hadi kumwagiana matusi kwenye mitandao ya kijamii, hasa Instagram lakini huondoa majibizano yao machafu kila baada ya muda mfupi.
Chanzo cha habari hizi kinapasha kuwa ugomvi wa Lulu na Husna ni juu ya mwanaume huyo ambaye anaishi jijini Arusha aliyetajwa…
E LIZABETH Michael ‘Lulu’ anayetesa katika filamu za Kibongo, yupo kwenye bifu zito na mshiriki wa Miss Tanzania mwaka 2012, Husna Maulid ambaye anadai amempora bwana’ke.

Staa Elizabeth Michael ‘Lulu’ katika pozi.

Habari zinaeleza bifu lao limefikia hatua ya kuanikana waziwazi hadi kumwagiana matusi kwenye mitandao ya kijamii, hasa Instagram lakini huondoa majibizano yao machafu kila baada ya muda mfupi.
Chanzo cha habari hizi kinapasha kuwa ugomvi wa Lulu na Husna ni juu ya mwanaume huyo ambaye anaishi jijini Arusha aliyetajwa kwa jina moja la Seki anayeelezwa kuwa na pesa za kutosha kusumbua mjini. “Hao wanamgombea jamaa fulani wa Arusha, anaitwa Seki, ana mawe (pesa) mbaya.

Mshiriki wa Miss Tanzania mwaka 2012, Husna Maulid.

Lakini wa kwanza kuwa na Seki ni Husna na Lulu alijua, sema Husna na huyo jamaa walikuwa wanagombana na kumwagana mara kwa mara. Sijui sasa nini kilimfanya Lulu kwenda kutembea tena na huyo jamaa wakati anajua ni wa shoga yake, labda ni baada ya kujua wamemwagana,” kilipasha chanzo hicho.

Elizabeth Michael ‘Lulu’.

Baada ya kupata habari hizi, mwandishi wetu aliwatafuta Lulu na Husna kwa ajili ya kuthibitisha madai hayo. Lulu alikuwa wa kwanza kupatikana ambapo alisema: “Jamani mimi simjui kabisa Husna Maulid wala hata katika fikra zangu hayupo... yaani kifupi simjui.”
Husna alipopatikana na kuelezwa mkanda mzima, kwanza alishangaa Lulu kutomjua, akasema: “Hakuna mtu asiyejua kuwa Lulu kanipora mwanaume wangu. Lakini anajifanya mjanja, tutaoneshana tu. Anajidai sana, anajifanya wa mjini hanijui mimi, lakini mimi ni wa mjini zaidi yake.”

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YANAYOENDELEA BUNGE LA KATIBA DODOMA 31st MARCH 2014

Raza: Tuache utoto tujadili Katiba

Dodoma. Mjumbe wa Bunge la Katiba, Mohamed Raza ametaka wajumbe wenzake kuheshimiana bila kujali wingi au uchache wa wajumbe kwenye makundi yao, kama kweli wana dhamira ya dhati ya kutunga Katiba.

Akizungumza na gazeti hili, Raza alisema mwenendo wa Bunge siyo mzuri na hauleti picha nzuri kwa mamia ya wananchi ambao wanategemea wapatiwe Katiba bora itakayoondoa tatizo yao.

“Tupo hapa tunalipwa kwa siku Sh.300,000 na tunajua huku nyuma kuna maelfu ya wananchi wetu hawana hata Sh.1000 ya chakula, halafu tunakaa hapa tunafanya vurugu na kuacha kusikilizana hata katika hoja za msingi? Nadhani hatuwatendei haki wananchi,” alisema Raza.

Alisema hakuna asiyejua matatizo ya wananchi. Kinachotakiwa sasa ni kukaa na kuanza kupitia Rasimu ya Katiba, hasa baada ya Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba Jaji Joseph Warioba kuiwasilisha bungeni.

Sarungi: Sikubaliani na rasimu mpya

Dodoma. Mjumbe wa Bunge la Katiba, Maria Sarungi amepinga utaratibu wa kuwasilishwa tena bungeni mabadiliko ya Kanuni ambayo yataibua upya vurugu na hivyo vikao vya Bunge kuendelea kuahirishwa.

Sarungi  kuwa kanuni ambazo zilipitishwa kwa Azimio la Bunge Machi 11, zilitokana na kazi kubwa iliyofanyika, ikiwepo vikao vya maridhiano.

“Tulikaa karibu mwezi mmoja kupitisha kanuni hizi tena kwa maridhiano. Watu walikaa bungeni hadi usiku. Iweje leo hata bado hatujaanza kuzitumia walete mabadiliko?” alihoji.

Alisema kitendo cha kurejesha mijadala ambayo tayari ilipitishwa na Bunge ni kutaka kuibaua tena vurugu bungeni na hivyo kupoteza fedha za umma.

“Nadhani Watanzania wanajionea watu ambao wanakwamisha Bunge. Hapa kuna matumizi mabaya ya fedha. Kama tulipitisha kila kitu wenyewe iweje leo walete tena mambo yale yale upya,” alisema Sarungi.

Mjumbe: Wanasiasa wamenisikitisha

Dodoma. Mjumbe wa Bunge la Katiba, Rispa Miguma kutoka kundi la wateule 201 wa Rais, amesema kwa anayoyaona bungeni, hawezi hata siku moja kutamani kuwa mwanasiasa.

Alisema anachojifunza kutoka kwa wanasiasa wanaoshiriki Bunge la Katiba kinamsikitisha kutokana na kugeuza chombo hicho kuwa uwanja wa siasa badala ya mahala pa kuzungumzia masilahi ya taifa.

“Badala ya kuangalia kitu ambacho wananchi walio nje ya Bunge wanataka, mnatumia jina la wananchi, Watanzania eti wamewatuma wakati hata kuzungumza nao wengine hamzungumzi nao,” alisema.

Miguma alitoa ujumbe wa maneno ya Mungu dhidi ya wanaotuhumiana kuhusika na vitendo vya rushwa katika shughuli hiyo akisema:

“Huu ni ujumbe kwa kundi la 201 hasa kwa wale ambao wanahusika. Ujumbe wenu kwanza ni huu hapa, kwanza kabisa usimshuhudie jirani yako uongo, pili inunue kweli na wala usiiuze, tatu afichaye kosa atafuta kupendwa.”

Bunge livunjwe tukawaombe radhi wananchi- Mjumbe

Dodoma. Mivutano katika Bunge la Katiba imemchukiza mmoja wa wajumbe wa chombo hicho, Michael Laizer ambaye amemshauri mwenyekiti wake, Samuel Sitta amwombe Rais kuvunja Bunge.

Laizer pia amewataka wajumbe wenzake kurudi katika maeneo yao ili wakaombe radhi kwa Watanzania kutokana na ufujaji wa fedha unaotokana na kuwepo kwao kwenye vikao vya Bunge.

“Mwenyekiti narudia tena kama watu hawataki uamuzi huu, nakushauri andika barua kwa Mheshimiwa Rais ili aje alivunje Bunge na twende makwetu,” alisema Laizer.

Laizer alilishutumu Bunge hilo kuendelea kutafuna fedha wakati watu wengine wanaishi maisha magumu zaidi kiasi cha kushindwa kupata hata mlo mmoja kwa siku.

Alipinga muda ambao wametumia wajumbe hao kwa ajili ya kujadili masuala ya kanuni pekee bila hata ya kufikia uamuzi, akisema ndoto yake ni kuwa hadi wiki hii waanze kuchambua vifungu vya katiba.

Aidha alisema watu wenye umri mkubwa kama yeye (Laizer) wanaogopa kuchangia hoja kutokana na tabia ya kuzomeana.

Vurugu zawa kero Dodoma

Dodoma. Kitendo cha kuahirishwa mara kwa mara kwa vikao vya Bunge la Katiba kimewakera baadhi ya wakazi wa Mji wa Dodoma ambao sasa wanapendekeza chombo hicho kivunjwe.

Wakitoa maoni yao kwa nyakati tofauti, wakazi hao walisema kuwa vurugu za bungeni zimewachosha na kuwafanya wakose hamu ya kuangalia au kusikiliza mijadala.

Katibu wa uchumi wa Umoja wa Wanawake wa CCM (UWT) mkoani Dodoma, Mary Chihoma alisema kwa hali ilivyo sasa, haya ni matumizi mabaya ya fedha za wananchi.

“Hatuwezi kusema ni mtu mmoja ndiye ambaye anastahili kubeba lawama hizo. Hawa wote wanatakiwa kulaumiwa moja kwa moja kwani wanakula kwa wasichokifanyia kazi,” alisema Chihoma.

Mwanasiasa huyo alitoa wito kwa wajumbe hao kumwogopa Mungu na kurudi kwenye mjadala wa msingi wa kutunga Katiba.

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Bunge livunjwe tukawaombe radhi wananchi- Mjumbe

Laizer pia amewataka wajumbe wenzake kurudi katika maeneo yao ili wakaombe radhi kwa Watanzania kutokana na ufujaji wa fedha unaotokana na kuwepo kwao kwenye vikao vya Bunge.

Dodoma. Mivutano katika Bunge la Katiba imemchukiza mmoja wa wajumbe wa chombo hicho, Michael Laizer ambaye amemshauri mwenyekiti wake, Samuel Sitta amwombe Rais kuvunja Bunge.

Laizer pia amewataka wajumbe wenzake kurudi katika maeneo yao ili wakaombe radhi kwa Watanzania kutokana na ufujaji wa fedha unaotokana na kuwepo kwao kwenye vikao vya Bunge.

“Mwenyekiti narudia tena kama watu hawataki uamuzi huu, nakushauri andika barua kwa Mheshimiwa Rais ili aje alivunje Bunge na twende makwetu,” alisema Laizer.

Laizer alilishutumu Bunge hilo kuendelea kutafuna fedha wakati watu wengine wanaishi maisha magumu zaidi kiasi cha kushindwa kupata hata mlo mmoja kwa siku.

Alipinga muda ambao wametumia wajumbe hao kwa ajili ya kujadili masuala ya kanuni pekee bila hata ya kufikia uamuzi, akisema ndoto yake ni kuwa hadi wiki hii waanze kuchambua vifungu vya katiba.

Aidha alisema watu wenye umri mkubwa kama yeye (Laizer) wanaogopa kuchangia hoja kutokana na tabia ya kuzomeana.

Aliwataka wajumbe kuwa wavumilivu ili kuruhusu wajumbe kuchangia mijadala kwa uhuru.

michango kwa uhuru.

na kuheshimiana kama ilivyotokea kwa baraza la Wawakilishi Zanzibar ambako CCM ilikubali kugawa madaraka hata pale ambapo hawakutaka kufanya hivyo.

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Tuboreshe Rasimu iliyopo-Zitto Kabwe

Tuboreshe Rasimu iliyopo-Zitto Kabwe

Wiki ya Machi 18 – 22, 2014 ilianza kwa siku ya Jumanne Mwenyekiti wa iliyokuwa Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba Jaji Joseph Sinde Warioba aliwaslisha rasmi Rasimu ya Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania katika Bunge Maalumu la Katiba. Wiki hiyo imeishia kwa siku ya Ijumaa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano ndugu Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete kutoa hotuba kwa Bunge Maalumu. Hotuba zote zimepokelewa kwa hisia tofauti kulingana na msimamo wa kila mtu kuhusu hoja inayoonekana ni kubwa
kuliko zote katika mchakato wa kuandika Katiba Mpya – Muundo wa Muungano. Wale wanashabikia muundo wa Serikali Tatu, walifurahishwa mno na hotuba ya Jaji Warioba. Wale wanaoshabikia muundo wa Serikali mbili walifurahishwa mno na hotuba ya Rais Kikwete. Sikufurahishwa na hotuba zote mbili.
Nitaeleza.
Moja, hotuba zote mbili zilichukua muda mrefu zaidi kuelezea sura moja tu ya Rasimu ya Katiba nayo ni sura ya Sita inayohusu muundo wa Jamhuri ya Muungano kana kwamba Katiba hii inahusu suala hilo tu. Ni dhahiri suala hili ni kubwa na muhimu kwani linahusu uhai wa Dola yenyewe na siwezi kubeza. Hata hivyo masuala kama Haki za Raia ni muhimu zaidi kwani hata uwe na muundo wa namna gani wa muungano au hata muungano wenyewe kuvunjika, bila ya kuwa na haki za msingi za raia kwenye katiba katiba hizo zitakataliwa tu na wananchi. Huu mtindo unaozuka wa kudhani muundo wa muungano ndio mwarobaini wa matatizo ya ufisadi, matumizi mabaya ya madaraka, ubadhirifu, umasikini, elimu ya hovyo, afya dhaifu, utatufikisha pabaya na hata kurudi tena kuandika katiba kudai haki hizo. Jaji Warioba na Rais Kikwete wameshindwa kuruka kiunzi cha kwamba Katiba ni zaidi ya Muungano.

Pili, wote wawili Rais Kikwete na Jaji Warioba wamejenga hoja zao kuhusu miundo ya Muungano wanayopendekeza au kuunga mkono kutokana na misingi ama ya ‘malalamiko’ au ‘hofu’. Jaji Warioba aliorodhesha malalamiko 11 ya upande wa Zanzibar dhidi ya Muungano na malalamiko 10 ya upande wa bara. Kimsingi malalamiko yote ya upande wa bara yanazaliwa na vitendo vya upande wa Zanzibar isipokuwa lalamiko namba vii linalohusu kupotea kwa utambulisho wa Tanganyika katika muundo wa Muungano.
Jaji Warioba anajenga msingi wa pendekezo la Tume yake kutokana na kujibu malalamiko au maarufu kero za Muungano na anasema
“….muundo wa Serikali mbili hauwezi kubaki kwa hali ya sasa. Muungano wa Serikali mbili waliotuchia waasisi siyo uliopo sasa…… waasisi walituachia Muungano wa Nchi Moja yenye Serikali mbili, na siyo Nchi Mbili zenye Serikali Mbili“. Nukuu hii niliipenda kuliko zote katika Hotuba ya Mzee wangu Warioba.
Rais Kikwete alijenga msingi wa maoni yake kwenye hofu za kuwa na Serikali tatu. Hofu hizo ni pamoja na gharama za kuendesha Muungano, kuzuka kwa hisia za Utaifa wa Utanganyika na Uzanzibari, uwezekano wa Muungano kuvunjika kwa kushindwa kuhudumia majeshi na hata Jeshi kuchukua Nchi ikipidi na kutupilia mbali katiba na Serikali ya Muungano kutokuwa na Rasilimali zake. Rais alisema ‘Serikali ya Muungano ni egemezi na tegemezi’ nukuu ambayo niliipenda kuliko zote katika Hotuba ya Mzee wangu Jakaya Kikwete.
Rais Kikwete hakuniridhisha kabisa namna ya kumaliza kero za Muungano kwa muundo uliopo sasa kwani muundo huo umeshindwa kuzimaliza kwa takribani miaka 50 tangu Muungano uundwe. Haiwezekani muundo uliozalisha kero lukuki ndio utarajiwe kuzimaliza kero hizo. Kwa vyovyote vile ni lazima kuwa na muundo mpya lakini kiukweli ni lazima muundo huo mpya ujibu hofu alizoeleza ndugu Rais maana ni hofu za kweli.
Jaji Warioba hakuniridhisha na namna suala la Uraia litakavyotatuliwa kwani kutoa jibu la kubakia na ‘kukubali’ Nchi mbili halafu uraia mmoja kunaleta mashaka makubwa. Kama tunataka kuwa na Uraia mmoja ni lazima tuwe Nchi moja, hatuwezi kuwa na Nchi mbili uraia mmoja.
Vilevile vyanzo vya mapato ya Muungano ni vidogo mno kuendesha dola. Hivyo basi rasimu iliyopo mbele ya Bunge Maalumu ina mapungufu makubwa japo imetoa mapendekezo yatakayomaliza malalamiko ya Muungano.
Sasa kazi ya Bunge ni moja tu nayo ni kuboresha rasimu iliyopo mbeleyake ili kumaliza kero za muungano zilizopo na kujibu hoja za hofu za muundo mpya. Hakuna sababu ya kubishana kwenye takwimu za Tume, tume imefanya wajibu wake na sasa Bunge Maalumu nalo litimize wajibu wake.
Iwapo kama kweli tunataka kusikia Watanzania wanataka nini kwenye muundo wa Muungano, tusimamishe Bunge na twende tukawaulize kwa kura (referendum). Vingivenyo tuboreshe rasimu iliyopo na iliyotokana na maoni ya wananchi wote kwa kujibu hizo hofu muhimu alizoainisha ndugu Rais na hayo malalamiko muhimu yaliyoainishwa na Tume. Sio kazi ya Bunge Maalumu kutafuta ubora wa hotuba zilizotolewa mbele yetu bali kuona mazuri ndani ya hotuba hizo yasaidie kazi yetu Tuzingatie kuwa tusijenge Nchi kwa kujibu malalamiko na hofu tu maana hofu na malalamiko hayaishi katika dunia inayobadilika kwa kasi sana.
Tuamue tunataka kuwa Jamhuri ya Muungano ya namna gani. Nini sababu ya Jamhuri yetu na aina gani ya Tanzania tunataka kujenga. Tuanze kwa kutafsiri sababu ya Tanzania kuwepo na Tanzania gani tunataka kujenga kisha tutunge Katiba itakayowezesha kutufikisha huko tutakapo kufika.

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VIDEO:TRUE FORGIVINESS

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Picha na Taarifa Rasmi Kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango:Maendeleo ya ujenzi wa bomba la gesi kutoka Mtwara hadi Dar es Salaam unatarajiwa kukamilika mwishoni mwa mwezi Julai mwaka huu kufuatia kuendelea vyema kasi ya kundaza bomba

 Vongozi wa Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango, Prof. Longinus Rutasitara (Kushoto) na Bibi Florence Mwanri (Kulia) wakiangalia moja ya bomba la kusafirishia gesi. Bomba moja lina uzito wa tani tano na urefu wa mita 11. Mpaka sasa jumla ya kilomita 350 kati ya kilomita 492 zimeshatandazwa.

 Mhandisi wa Ujenzi kutoka Shirika la Mafuta Tanzania (TPDC), Mhandisi Mwita Yagela (Kulia) akiwaonesha mabomba ya kusafirishia gesi Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango ilipotembelea baadhi ya maeneo yanakopita mabomba hayo. Mpaka sasa jumla ya kilomita 350 kati ya kilomita 492 zimeshatandazwa. 

 Mmoja wa wakaguzi kutoka Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango, Bibi Nancy Kitajo akistaajabu bomba za kusafirishia gesi zinazoelekea kwenye kiwanda cha kuchakata gesi kilichopo Madimba, mkoani Mtwara.

 Mafundi wakiendelea na ujenzi wa makazi ya wafanyakazi katika kiwanda cha kuchakata gesi kilichopo Madimba, mkoani Mtwara.

 Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais ikijionea maendeleo ya ujenzi wa kiwanda cha kuchakata gesi kilichopo Madimba, mkoani Mtwara.

 Mhandisi wa Ujenzi kutoka Shirika la Mafuta Tanzania (TPDC), Mhandisi Mwita Yagela (Kulia) akiwaonesha michoro ya ujenzi wa kiwanda cha kuchakata gesi Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango ilipotembelea eneo la ujenzi huo, Madimba, mkoani Mtwara. Wanaotazama ni wakaguzi hao, kutoka kushoto ni Prof. Longinus Rutasitara, Bibi Salome Kingdom, Bibi Florence Mwanri na Bw. Jordan Matonya.

Mmoja wa viongozi wa Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango, Bibi Florence Mwanri (Katikati) akitaka ufafanuzi juu ya maendeleo ya ujenzi wa kiwanda cha kuchakata gesi kilichopo Madimba, mkoani Mtwara. Wanaomsikiliza ni Mchumi Mwandamizi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango, Bibi Salome Kingdom (Kushoto) na Mhandisi wa Ujenzi kutoka Shirika la Mafuta Tanzania (TPDC), Mhandisi Mwita Yagela (Kulia).Picha na Saidi Mkabakuli-Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango

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Na Saidi Mkabakuli

Maendeleo ya ujenzi wa bomba la gesi kutoka Mtwara hadi Dar es Salaam unatarajiwa kukamilika mwishoni mwa mwezi Julai mwaka huu kufuatia kuendelea vyema kasi ya kundaza bomba hilo.

Wakizungumza na wakaguzi wa miradi ya maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango, Wahandisi wa Ujenzi kutoka Shirika la Mafuta Tanzania (TPDC), Mhandisi Mwita Yagela na Mhandisi Omary Kitiku wamesema kuwa kasi ya sasa ya ujenzi wa kiwanda cha kuchakata gesi kilichopo kijiji cha Madimba, mkoani Mtwara inatia moyo na hivyo kuashiria kukamilika kwa mchakato huo kwa wakati.

“Mpaka sasa jumla ya kilomita 350 kati ya kilomita 492 za bomba la gesi kutoka Mtwara hadi Dar es Salaam zimeshatandazwa hali inayokwenda sambamba na mpangokazi wa ujenzi wa kiwanda hiki,” alisema Mhandisi Yagela.

Kwa mujibu wa Mpangokazi wa ujenzi wa kiwanda hiko hadi kufikia mwisho wa Julai kiwanda kinatakiwa kukamilika, na mpaka sasa, makazi ya wafanyakazi imekamilika.

Akizungumza wakati wa ukaguzi huo, Mmoja wa viongozi wa Timu ya Ukaguzi wa Miradi ya Maendeleo kutoka Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango, Bibi Florence Mwanri alisema kwamba kukamilika kwa bomba hilo kunatoa mwanya wa kukamilika kwa wakati uzalishaji wa umeme katika vituo vya Kinyerezi, jijini Dar es Salaam.

“Kukamilika kwa bomba hili kunatoa fursa ya kwa Mradi wa kuzalisha umeme kiasi cha Megawati 150 na Megawati 240 kwa kutumia gesi asilia vilivyopo Kinyerezi, jijini Dar es Salaam,” alisema Bibi Mwanri.

Kwa mujibu wa Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Taifa wa Miaka Mitano (2011/12 - 2015/16), Miundombinu ni kipaumbele cha kwanza, hasa uwekezaji mkubwa katika miundombinu ya nishati ambapo nguvu kubwa imewekwa katika uwekezaji wa miundombinu ya nishati ambapo utekelezaji wa ujenzi wa bomba la gesi Mtwara hadi Dar es Salaam unafanywa sambamba na ujenzi wa mitambo miwili ya kuzalisha umeme kwa kutumia gesi katika eneo la Kinyerezi Dar es Salaam. 

Serikali imeandaa Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Miaka Mitano (2011/12 -2015/16) wa kutekeleza Dira ya Taifa ya Maendeleo 2025. Lengo kuu la Mpango huu ni kufungulia fursa za ukuaji uchumi wa nchi ili kuweka misingi ya ukuaji mpana wa uchumi na unaolenga watu walio masikini zaidi. Mpango wa Kwanza wa Maendeleo wa Miaka Mitano unawianisha katika mfumo mmoja wa mipango mbalimbali ya maendeleo ya kitaifa ili kutoa mwongozo wa utekelezaji na kuipa Serikali fursa na mfumo rasmi wa ufuatiliaji na tathmini wa miradi ya maendeleo kitaifa.

Lengo la Dira ni  kuibadili Tanzania kuwa nchi ya uchumi wa kati ifikapo mwaka 2025.

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TASWIRA ZA KAMPENI YA UCHAGUZI JIMBO LA CHALINZE KUPITIA CHADEMA

Makamanda wakiwa wamekwama kupita kwenye barabara wakielekea kwenye kampeni za Ubunge Jimboni Chalinze.

Mgombea wa nafasi ya Ubunge Jimb la Chalinze Ndugu Mathayo Torongey akibadilishana mawazo na wanakijiji Jimboni Chalinze.

Katibu wa CCM Kata ya Kimange Bwana Haji aliondoka CCM na kujiunga na CHADEMA huku akikabidhiwa kadi yake na Makamu Mkiti Said Issa Mohamed.

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Mbunge Kamili:Mwenyekiti wa CCM alihusika kunitesa

Mbunge wa Viti Maalum (Chadema), Rose Kamili, aliyedai ametekwa na kuteswa wakati wa uchaguzi mdogo mkoani Iringa, amemtuhumu Mwenyekiti wa CCM mkoani humo, Jessica Msambatavangu kuwa anahusika na mashambulizi dhidi yake.

Kamili alidai alitekwa, kupigwa na kujeruhiwa wakati wa kampeni za uchaguzi mdogo wa jimbo la Kalenga uliofanyika mapema mwezi huu.

 Akizungumza kwenye mkutano na wanahabari  mjini Dodoma, siku moja baada ya kula kiapo cha kuwa mjumbe wa bunge maalum la katiba, alisema akiwa vijijini alikokwenda kusambaza mawakala wa  kusimamia uchaguzi wa  Kalenga, alitekwa na watu asiowafahamu ambao walimwingiza kwenye gari na hadi ofisi za CCM mkoani  Iringa.

“Nilipofikishwa katika ofisi hizo nilianza kushushiwa kipigo kikali hata kabla sijashushwa kwenye gari. Nilipelekwa  katika moja ya ofisi na kukutana  Mwenyekiti wa CCM Msambatavangu na kumtambua,”alisema.

Alieleza kusikitishwa na hatua ya mwanamke mwenzake  akimfanyia visa hivyo.
Alisema kuwa Msambatavangu aliamuru aletwe baunsa ambaye ndiye aliyeanza kumpa kipigo kikali huku kiongozi huyo akisisitiza apigwe  zaidi.

Alisema  baada ya kupigwa kwa zaidi ya dakika 20, lilikuja gari la polisi na  wakamweleza kuwa wamefika mahali hapo kwa ajili ya kumwokoa na kumchukua kumpeleka kituoni.

Kamili alisema  alipofikishwa polisi hali yake ilianza kuwa mbaya  ndipo  walipomwandikia fomu namba tatu  (PF3) na kumkimbiza  kwenye  matibabu.

Alisema anasikitishwa kuwa hata baada ya kumtaja mbaya wake polisi, mwenyekiti huyo hajakamatwa na badala yake yupo ndani ya bunge la katiba huku kukiwa hakuna hata jalada alilofunguliwa dhidi ya kiongozi huyo.

Aidha Kamili alilituhumu Bunge la Jamhuri ya Muungano kwa upendeleo wa dhahiri na kutojali madhila yaliyompata.

“Tangu nijeruhiwe hakuna tamko lolote  lililotolewa na uongozi wa Bunge kuhusiana tatizo lililonikuta, licha ya kuwa Spika ni mwanamke.”

Alisema mbali na kutoa tamko, hakuna msaada wowote wa kitabibu alioupata kutoka bungeni, lakini wabunge wa CCM wanapougua  bunge linakuwa mstari wa mbele kutoa huduma.

Umoja wa wabunge wanawake wa vyama vya Upinzani wametoa tamko la kulaani kitendo hicho na kuitaka Serikali ichukue hatua haraka kushungulikia tatizo hilo.

Akitoa tamko hilo mbele ya wandishi wa Habari, Mwenyekiti wa wabunge hao, Suzan Lyimo alisema kuwa kitendo alichofanyiwa mwanamke mwenzao ni kibaya kinachowakatisha  wanawake tamaa.

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VIDEO:TAZAMA JOHN MNYIKA AKICHANGIA BUNGE LA KATIBA

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VIDEO:TAZAMA VIGODORO NGOMA ZA PWANI

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Mesothelioma:Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis of Stage IV Lung Cancer

Working situations (asbestos processing plants, rug factories, firecracker businesses, and so on.).

The fundamental explanation behind the onset of lung cancer is on the grounds that the lungs are one of the organs most presented to the nature, a greater amount of than whatever possible organ in the constitution.

Early lung cancer manifestations are not generally clear for most sufferers; on the other hand, as they do get obvious - later-arrange side effects may incorporate the accompanying:

Torments in the arms, back, hips, and shoulders (demonstrating metastasis [the spread] of the ailment).

Tenacious hacks ([smoker's cough] frequently blood may be hacked up - known as hemoptysis or haemoptysis).

Issues swallowing - initiated by an attack into the throat (roughness in the throat).

Intermittent pneumonia or bronchitis.

Seizures and shortcoming of the constitution [weakness frequently brought on by weight reduction).

Shortness of breath and wheezing (regularly with a slight blazing sensation being felt in the trachea [wind pipe] and midsection area.

Visionary issues and migraines (gentle - throbbing) demonstrating an intrusion of the (mind tumor).

Yellowing of the skin because of a liver intrusion (jaundice).

What medication is accessible for stage IV lung cancer?

Because of lung cancer not typically being diagnosed until at a late-arrange - alternatives are normally restricted to attempting to anticipate more metastasis, and to attempt to give a patient a developed visualization (future).

Notwithstanding, chemotherapy (to draw out a patient's visualization) is typically the medication of decision - as surgical medicines are of little use because of the metastasis of the cancer officially having influenced an excess of organs in the physique (difficult to uproot such an extensive amount the figure and for a patient to survive a while later).

Other palliative treatments (correlative) might likewise be viewed as, for example, radiation helps, and clinical trial helps [usually a blend of medications and new treatments]).

Tragically the visualization for stage IV lung cancer is poor most definitely (because generally arrange finding). Much of the time, there is evaluated to be just a 10% 5-year survival rate for NSCLC, and with an average survival rate [when half of patients are still alive, and half have passed away] of just around 8-months.

In spite of the fact that, powerful components may incorporate: age, health, decision of medication and the patient's reaction to that medicine, and the particular attributes of the tumor. Likewise it has been known for certain cancer patients to have made due despite seemingly insurmountable opposition longer than others (due in the primary to the constitution being additionally pleasing towards medicines).

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THINGS MIGRANTS MIGHT DO BEFORE CLAIMS

Newcomers from European countries will be expected to prove they have earned at least £150 a week for three months to qualify for income support, housing benefit and other hand-outs available to people in low-income jobs.

But the measure is unlikely to satisfy critics who believe that migrants without a significant record of paying taxes and national insurance contributions should not be allowed to claim any benefits at all.

Details of the new “minimum earnings threshold” will be set out today by Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith in the latest blitz on benefit tourism.

Mr Duncan Smith said last night: “As part of the Government’s long-term economic plan we have taken action to make sure our economy delivers for people who want to work hard, play by the rules and contribute to this country.

“These reforms will ensure we have a fair system – one which provides support for genuine workers and jobseekers, but does not allow people to come to our country and take advantage of our benefits system.

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Nine Problems That Hinder Partnerships in Africa

African higher education faces a crisis. The quality of university teaching and research has declined drastically as institutions across the continent contend with budget cuts, growing enrollments, repeated strikes, a crumbling infrastructure, and a migration of the most talented professors to developed countries.
In response, universities from America and Europe, government aid agencies, and charitable foundations have started major efforts to help rebuild higher education in Africa. While those projects have dedicated substantial funds and human resources to the cause, they so far have produced mixed results. The problem is that representatives of universities from developed countries and other well-intentioned people come to Africa with basic assumptions that undermine their work.
Those assumptions about how to assist the region are not always explicit. They are manifested in subtle ways in the behavior and speech of higher-education officials who come to Africa. What's more, the officials often fail to examine their own assumptions, some of which are obviously unrealistic. To be sure, not all Europeans and North Americans make such mistakes. But as the former and current directors of the Office of International Education and Partnerships at the University of Botswana, over the past four years we have seen such assumptions ruin potentially promising endeavors.
While many factors lead to the failure of partnerships, we have identified nine problems that hinder outside aid to Africa's universities and several ways to improve the interaction between African academics and their peers:
1. Academics from developed countries often take the lead in research, while African colleagues are relegated to minor roles. A recent example occurred when an American scholar came to Botswana with a grant from a prestigious international organization to study aspects of condom use as part of an HIV/AIDS research project. The researcher approached the University of Botswana saying she needed a graduate student from her discipline to conduct the field research. She would pay the student well and allow the student to use the data for a thesis. From her viewpoint, the proposal sounded like a good deal.
But our university's faculty members had two issues with her approach. First, they had not been involved in the development of the problem, the hypothesis, or the methodology. (The researcher had been in Botswana when she was developing the project but had made little attempt to contact the university.) Second, she was proposing to employ a graduate student whom the Botswanan academics would prefer to have working on their research. Ultimately the Botswana faculty members gave their American counterpart the cold shoulder, leaving her most puzzled that her "generous" offer had not been taken up.
2. Outside scholars think they know what curriculum is best for universities in the developing world. Consider a recent situation involving a graduate program in Italy. The program was an interdisciplinary master's degree in community development to help Central European universities educate civil servants to work with local governments that are making the transition to a post-communist society. Several institutions offered the degree jointly. Italian academics proposed starting the same cooperative program, with virtually the same syllabus, in conjunction with four southern-African universities.

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ADVANTAGES OF HAVING LAWYERS

About the importance of the lawyer to the society, justice and law 1. Definition and Historical Overview of the Role of the Lawyer. Pure semantic the word Lawyer can cover several meanings.In general sense it is someone who is trained in Law at a University. Mostly the graduated in Law is also licensed to practise Law before the Courts as an Advocate and can come eventually in the conditions to be appointed as a Prosecutor or Judge. In English one uses the words Sollicitor, Barrister or Attorney to distinguish the Lawyer in this more narrow sense as a person who practices Law before the Courts as an advocate i.e. someone who advises and represents parties involved in a Law suit. Appropriate English terms to describe the general meaning of the word Lawyer are Jurist or Legist, i.e. someone well educated or a scholar in Law. These persons can be employed in the staff of companies like banks,insurances or industries, the Administration or the Government. In all these cases the main task of the Lawyer is to watch and control that things are done according to the established Law. He legitimates and authorises the enterprised actions. The profession also leads to a mission in public life as statesman. A majority of the US Presidents were Lawyers. In several countries and regimes the public prosecutors are appointed by political parties or directly elected by the public. The same goes for the Judges, not to mention the Trial by Jury where twelve fellow-citizens are called to judge about guilt or innocence. On the other hand, one can imagine easily that from the frustation in the daily work as a Lawyer can emerge the urge to change Statute Law. And he is a professional, he knows the actual Body of Law. Therefor he had studied Law at a University. Today's university had its beginning in medieval Europe in the 12th century and Law School was, besides Medicine School, the eldest division at these medieval universities. The first Universities were foundated during the early Renaissance in Italian Cities like Bologna, Modena, Padua and Naples. In other European countries like France (Paris, Montpellier), England (Oxford) and Spain (Salamanca) universities were also erected. The Education and Training in Law at these universities was based upon the Study in Latin of the Law System of the Roman Empire. Therefor the Corpus Juris Civilis was used as study material. This Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") was prepared during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527-65). In the 6th century AD the mass of Roman legal material that had accumulated in 1,000 years of development was generally unavailable to those who needed it, and it frequently contained contradictions. Early in his reign Justinian established three committees, under the general chairmanship of his chief legal advisor, Tribonian, to gather and edit the legal material. Thus were formed the Codex Justinian, which collected all the laws that had emanated from the emperors themselves and contained mainly public, administrative, and criminal law, the Digest, which collated and removed contradictions from the writings of the foremost Roman legal experts and the Institutes, which was a textbook for beginning students. This distillation of legal expertise, which was later taught at the several Universities, heavily influenced the development of European law. 1 During the whole of the Ancien Regime the society was based upon the dialogue between the Nobles, as defenders of the Land and keepers of the Military Force and the Clergy as defenders of the Faith and Keepers of the Spiritual Knowledge. This scheme for the excercise of the Powers of the State is very old and can be perceived in the Mosaic Age of the Jews or in the Celtic period with their Kings and Druids. Some legendary historic examples as such are Aaron and Mozes, King Arthur and Merlin, Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey. The Study and Education of Law at Universities was in the hands of Clergymen and they trained students to be Officials. They were placed at the disposal of Kings and important Vassals to advice them in the performing of their duties of administration and judication. Others resided in Abbeys or Chapters and were there consulted to give opinion to aldermanbenches who had to decide upon disputes in their communities. On a lower level Judges of the Peace were adjoined to the local keepers of the Armed Power; the Sheriffs. As more educated legists were delivered by the grewing universities, the free profession of the lawyer came into being. The justiciables were allowed to take "a person of good education and speech" to address the claim before the Courts in proper words and with the respect dued to the Court. With the time passing by; these advocates did to have studied Law at the University and around the Courts arose the Inns of Law as the mediaval Guild of the Lawyers, which obtained the privilege and monopoly of pleeing before the Courts. It is from mediaval times that originated the strange rituals of Dignity and Respect that still nowadays influences the procedures before the Courts with courtly manners. One of these is the obligation for a new Lawyer to get introduced to the Court by existing Lawyers. So Lawyers, where they performed their duty as litterated Officials, lived and prospered well in a governmental matrix, close to the ruling Monarch. As such they were defenders of the Natural Order of Society which arose from the Godly Will. The King was King by the Will of God and under the supervision of the Church. Doctrines of insubordination, contestation or revoltation became traced and sued by the institution of the Holy Inquisition. On the other hand the One True Christian Doctrine also imposed upon duties of Mercy, which included Church Asile, Amnesty, as the Recourse on Grace, the Conviction to perform a Pelgrimage as Punishment and Repentance and so on. But the Absolute Power of the Monarch in governing the Nation led to Discretionary and Arbitrary Exercise of Law, the Perversion of Justice, infringing Legal Security. Justice and the Enforcement of Law got regarded as a Practical Source of Income by the King and as a Tool to eliminate adversors. This behaviour got intellectually criticised among scholars and philosophers. The decay of absolute monarchy led to efforts to check and limit royal power. The abuse of power by tyrannical Kings would led subsequently to Revolutions in England, the British colonies on the American continent and finally in France. In England the political philosopher John LOCKE gave shape to the new concept of individual natural rights against the state. According to LOCKE, each human individual is entitled to certain unalienable natural rights. In justifying England's Glorious Revolution of 1688, which led to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, Locke had advanced the contract theory of government, arguing that all "just" governments are founded on consent and are designed solely to protect people in their inherent rights to life, liberty, and property. This theory was used to justify civil disobedience whenever government encroached on any of the specified rights. Locke believed that natural rights should be guaranteed against incursions by other persons as well as by the state. With the US and French Revolutions the principles of the ancien regime were abandonned and substituted by the enlighted ideas of modern democratic nations that All Powers of a National State emerge from its People. This was a most wonderfull time in which also Electricity became a field of Scientific Research which latter on would led to such wonderfull inventions as artificial light, the telephone, radio and television broadcast and finally the computer and the internet. Also the first modern Encyclopedia as a body of modern Knowledge got edited by the French Encyclopedists. As stated, Lawyers are in se always conformists to the ruling Law. In the Ancien Regime this led the Lawyers to defend and legitimize the concept of the liaison between State and Church. One should notice that in the Pre-christian Cultures, the Skill of Reading and the Art of Writing were seen as a form of Magick since it created a communicable Spiritual being; a reality of its own. In this perspective it is also interesting to point at the Medieval Status of a Clark; just because he was able to read and write, he got the tonsure and was submitted to the jurisdiction of the Ecclestical Courts. One can still observe this notion in the Jewish Culture with the Kabbala, its Worship of the Law in the Synagoges and its aim to a Theocratic Government. There should be remarked too that in Jewish lithurgy the Communion with the God consists from the reading out the of the Talmud, whereas in Christianity the Holy Communion consists in the Sharing of Bread and Wine as a Meal. In the Archaic times there were no forms of propaganda or masscommunication to inform the justiciables of the Will and the Rulings of their King, other then the recital of a hand-written text. Since then the Course of History has brougt us printed text, recorded speech, video and the internet with its multimedia, and reducing the world unto a global village. But this phenomen points us at the utmost principles of Law that the rules of it should be decreed and brought to the attention of the citizens before they are enforcable; the pre-existing Social Contract between Citizen and Government. But back to the Period of the Enlightment, the Thinkers and Philosophers of the Enlightment, such as Locke and Hume in England and Montesquieu, ROUSSEAU, and VOLTAIRE in France scoped upon this social contract and pointed out the inalienable natural rights each individual is entitled, even against the government. So this time gave to Humankind the First Declarations of Human Rights as embodied in the American DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE of 1776, the Bill of Rights to the American Constitution in 1789, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1791, which built upon philosophical foundations to codify in law restraints on governmental power, ensuring the fundamental rights of each individual. Furthermore they emphasised upon the equality of men, abolishing the Privileges of the Nobles and the Clergy. In America, Thomas JEFFERSON expanded upon the English views of civil rights. He emphasized the primacy of human happiness, by which he meant the opportunity of autonomous individuals to develop themselves to the fullest. He also advanced the concept of religious freedom and church-state separation as a key element of civil rights. Jefferson's thinking was embodied in the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776)(Quote) 2 When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. (End of Quote) The Bill of Rights, as the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States are called, was largely the brainchild of James MADISON. The amendments restricted the power of the new national government in the name of freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and petition. In addition, citizens were assured against unreasonable or unwarranted intrusions by government officials into their homes or personal papers. Certain protections in criminal procedure were established, including the rights to a speedy trial, to a federal grand jury, to reasonable bail, and to confront one's accusers, as well as the right not to be placed twice in jeopardy of life or limb. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in August 1789. It was intended as a statement of the basic philosophical principles that inspired the FRENCH REVOLUTION. Among the important principles declared by its 17 articles were freedom and equality; popular sovereignty and the general will; representative government; punishment only for legally defined offenses; free communication of thought and opinion; taxation only by popular consent; separation of powers; and the right to private property and just compensation.

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